Forgery, Perjury Allegations Rock Osogbo as Police Probe Lawyer Over Disputed Land Title
DD Wednesday, February 25, 2026 No commentsForgery, Perjury Allegations Rock Osogbo as Police Probe Lawyer Over Disputed Land Title
An Osogbo-based lawyer, Mr. Muyideen Adeoye Galadima, is at the centre of a police investigation as operatives of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF), Zone XI Zonal Command Headquarters, Osogbo, probe allegations of forgery, impersonation, and perjury over a land title document said to belong to the late legal practitioner, Barrister Tunji Abolade.
Galadima is reportedly accused of unlawfully converting a Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) belonging to the deceased legal luminary and laying claim to a judgment land adjudged to Madam Sinatu Adeoye.
He is further alleged to have acted in connivance with a NIPCO filling station, the Alare-Iyiolu family, and others — including Olugbenga Aro, Latona Olaiya Tajudeen, and Alhaji Waheed Raheem — whom he allegedly induced to depose to an oath before a Federal High Court sitting in Osogbo in Suit No: FHC/OS/CS/23/2026, claiming ownership of the disputed documents.
The land dispute dates back to the 1970s and concerns a vast expanse of land owned by Madam Sinatu Adeoye.
The property stretches along both sides of the Osogbo–Ikirun Road, covering areas such as Powerline, Omidiran Garden, Iyana Camp, Biket Junction Area, and Ifesowapo Community, sharing boundaries with Bidire and adjoining communities.
Investigations reveal that the dispute led to two major court actions at the State High Court in Osogbo.
In Suit No: HOS/102/80, instituted by Shittu Ladimeji & 3 Ors. on behalf of the Iyiolu Alare Family of Osogbo against Madam Sinatu Adeoye, the court declared Adeoye the lawful and genuine owner of the land — including the parcel housing the Transmission Company of Nigeria, Osogbo.
Following their loss in 1982, the Iyiolu Alare family allegedly engaged Hephzibah Holdings Limited, an estate firm owned by Deji Olugunna, to sell the same land through a Power of Attorney, despite the subsisting judgment affirming Adeoye’s ownership.
Madam Sinatu Adeoye subsequently challenged the move, asserting that the land had originally been allocated to her late father, Akande Adeoye, by Oba Bamgbola of Iyadudu Royal Family of Osogbo, and that she remains the sole surviving heir.
The dispute culminated in a second action — Suit No: HOS/71/1993 between Hephzibah Holdings Limited v. Madam Sinatu Adeoye & 4 Ors. In her counterclaim, Adeoye clearly delineated the boundaries of her land before the court.
Due to heightened tension surrounding the matter, the presiding judge, Hon. Justice R.O. Yusuf, visited the locus in quo to physically ascertain the land’s location and boundaries.
The court ultimately dismissed Hephzibah Holdings Limited’s claims, awarded costs of N2,000 against the company, and ruled decisively in favour of Madam Sinatu Adeoye.
The court granted her declaratory judgment, affirming that her counterclaim succeeded and that the survey plans tendered in both Suit Nos: HOS/102/80 and HOS/71/1993 did not exhaust the full extent of her vast landholding along the Osogbo–Ikirun Road.
The ongoing police probe reportedly stems from a petition dated February 10, 2026, signed by Barrister Lekan Alabi and addressed to the Assistant Inspector-General of Police in charge of Zone XI, Osogbo.
The petition, titled:“Complaint of Conspiracy, Fraudulent Conversion, Perjury, Forgery, Stealing, Impersonation and Contempt”,names several individuals, including Mr. Gbenga Aro, Mr. Latona Olaiya Tajudeen, Alhaji Waheed Raheem (alias Odua), Pa Adeyanju Busari Hamzat, Mr. Sarafa Omidiji, Muili Folorunsho, Mr. Muniru Saka, and Mr. Muyideen Adeoye Galadima, among others described as judgment debtors and illegal occupants.
According to the petition, various alleged illegal occupants have been presenting different documents purportedly claiming ownership of portions of the judgment land, allegedly facilitated by Galadima through forged title documents.
The petition further alleges that these actions emboldened parties linked to the NIPCO Filling Station to demolish a warehouse under construction beside the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) office, near Biket Junction along the Osogbo–Ikirun Road.
Additionally, Galadima and his associates are alleged to have filed multiple applications before Osun State High Courts seeking to set aside the February 26, 1997 High Court judgment, rather than approaching the appellate court if dissatisfied with the ruling on the judgment creditor’s land.
Meanwhile, the complainant has urged the police to prosecute the matter upon completion of a thorough and diligent investigation.
As the investigation unfolds, the case is expected to test the integrity of land administration, judicial finality, and professional ethics within the legal community in Osogbo and beyond.
Confirmation
Zonal PRO,XI-08035208971
An Osogbo-based lawyer, Mr. Muyideen Adeoye Galadima, is at the centre of a police investigation as operatives of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF), Zone XI Zonal Command Headquarters, Osogbo, probe allegations of forgery, impersonation, and perjury over a land title document said to belong to the late legal practitioner, Barrister Tunji Abolade.
Galadima is reportedly accused of unlawfully converting a Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) belonging to the deceased legal luminary and laying claim to a judgment land adjudged to Madam Sinatu Adeoye.
He is further alleged to have acted in connivance with a NIPCO filling station, the Alare-Iyiolu family, and others — including Olugbenga Aro, Latona Olaiya Tajudeen, and Alhaji Waheed Raheem — whom he allegedly induced to depose to an oath before a Federal High Court sitting in Osogbo in Suit No: FHC/OS/CS/23/2026, claiming ownership of the disputed documents.
The land dispute dates back to the 1970s and concerns a vast expanse of land owned by Madam Sinatu Adeoye.
The property stretches along both sides of the Osogbo–Ikirun Road, covering areas such as Powerline, Omidiran Garden, Iyana Camp, Biket Junction Area, and Ifesowapo Community, sharing boundaries with Bidire and adjoining communities.
Investigations reveal that the dispute led to two major court actions at the State High Court in Osogbo.
In Suit No: HOS/102/80, instituted by Shittu Ladimeji & 3 Ors. on behalf of the Iyiolu Alare Family of Osogbo against Madam Sinatu Adeoye, the court declared Adeoye the lawful and genuine owner of the land — including the parcel housing the Transmission Company of Nigeria, Osogbo.
Following their loss in 1982, the Iyiolu Alare family allegedly engaged Hephzibah Holdings Limited, an estate firm owned by Deji Olugunna, to sell the same land through a Power of Attorney, despite the subsisting judgment affirming Adeoye’s ownership.
Madam Sinatu Adeoye subsequently challenged the move, asserting that the land had originally been allocated to her late father, Akande Adeoye, by Oba Bamgbola of Iyadudu Royal Family of Osogbo, and that she remains the sole surviving heir.
The dispute culminated in a second action — Suit No: HOS/71/1993 between Hephzibah Holdings Limited v. Madam Sinatu Adeoye & 4 Ors. In her counterclaim, Adeoye clearly delineated the boundaries of her land before the court.
Due to heightened tension surrounding the matter, the presiding judge, Hon. Justice R.O. Yusuf, visited the locus in quo to physically ascertain the land’s location and boundaries.
The court ultimately dismissed Hephzibah Holdings Limited’s claims, awarded costs of N2,000 against the company, and ruled decisively in favour of Madam Sinatu Adeoye.
The court granted her declaratory judgment, affirming that her counterclaim succeeded and that the survey plans tendered in both Suit Nos: HOS/102/80 and HOS/71/1993 did not exhaust the full extent of her vast landholding along the Osogbo–Ikirun Road.
The ongoing police probe reportedly stems from a petition dated February 10, 2026, signed by Barrister Lekan Alabi and addressed to the Assistant Inspector-General of Police in charge of Zone XI, Osogbo.
The petition, titled:“Complaint of Conspiracy, Fraudulent Conversion, Perjury, Forgery, Stealing, Impersonation and Contempt”,names several individuals, including Mr. Gbenga Aro, Mr. Latona Olaiya Tajudeen, Alhaji Waheed Raheem (alias Odua), Pa Adeyanju Busari Hamzat, Mr. Sarafa Omidiji, Muili Folorunsho, Mr. Muniru Saka, and Mr. Muyideen Adeoye Galadima, among others described as judgment debtors and illegal occupants.
According to the petition, various alleged illegal occupants have been presenting different documents purportedly claiming ownership of portions of the judgment land, allegedly facilitated by Galadima through forged title documents.
The petition further alleges that these actions emboldened parties linked to the NIPCO Filling Station to demolish a warehouse under construction beside the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) office, near Biket Junction along the Osogbo–Ikirun Road.
Additionally, Galadima and his associates are alleged to have filed multiple applications before Osun State High Courts seeking to set aside the February 26, 1997 High Court judgment, rather than approaching the appellate court if dissatisfied with the ruling on the judgment creditor’s land.
Meanwhile, the complainant has urged the police to prosecute the matter upon completion of a thorough and diligent investigation.
As the investigation unfolds, the case is expected to test the integrity of land administration, judicial finality, and professional ethics within the legal community in Osogbo and beyond.
Confirmation
Zonal PRO,XI-08035208971
PRESS RELEASE: LABOUR PARTY HOLDS RECONCILIATION MEETING IN OGUN STATE, MOVES TOWARD UNITY
DD Tuesday, February 24, 2026 No commentsPRESS RELEASE: LABOUR PARTY HOLDS RECONCILIATION MEETING IN OGUN STATE, MOVES TOWARD UNITY
Date: 24th February,2026
Venue:NLC State Secretariat, Abeokuta
The Ogun State Chapter of the Labour Party (LP) wishes to inform the general public and our esteemed members of a significant development in our efforts to foster unity and strengthen the party ahead of future electoral challenges.
Following the recent judgments of the Court of Appeal, the leadership of our great party, under the distinguished leadership of the Deputy National Chairman (South), Mrs. Temidayo Nike Oriola Job, convened a crucial reconciliation meeting with stakeholders in Ogun State. The meeting, held on 19th February,2026, brought together members of the Ogun State Interim Executive and other party faithful who, subsequent to the court rulings, have aligned with the Senator Nenadi Usman-led National Executive Committee (NEC).
During the session, it was acknowledged that there were periods of intense legal battles where party members found themselves on different sides, as well as others who left the fold to aligned with other political party. It was noted that some members who are now converts to the Nenadi Usman-led Exco had, during the heat of the court cases, reported their fellow party members to security agencies (including the Nigeria Police and the Department of State Services) for impersonation, even as the now-dispersed Julius Abure leadership for declaring support for the Nenadi Usman faction.
In her characteristic spirit of inclusive leadership, the Deputy National Chairman (South), Mrs. Temidayo Nike Oriola, urged all parties to embrace one another and bury the hatchet. She emphasized that the Labour Party must move beyond the acrimony of the past and present a united front to the people of Ogun State.
As a concrete step towards enduring peace, the leadership has directed that a harmonized reconciliation committee be formed. Both sides involved in the dispute have been mandated to submit a list of nine (9) members each, making a total of eighteen (18) members. This committee will be inaugurated to oversee the formal reconciliation process and ensure that all grievances are permanently laid to rest.
As the Publicity Secretary of the Ogun State Labour Party, I urge all our members to cooperate with this initiative. The Labour Party remains the vehicle for the hopes and aspirations of the masses, and we cannot afford to be distracted by internal conflicts. We are committed to rebuilding, reconciling, and emerging stronger.
We thank our leaders, members, and the press for their continued support.
Signed:
Kika Glasgow
Publicity Secretary
Labour Party,Ogun State Chapter
Date: 24th February,2026
Venue:NLC State Secretariat, Abeokuta
The Ogun State Chapter of the Labour Party (LP) wishes to inform the general public and our esteemed members of a significant development in our efforts to foster unity and strengthen the party ahead of future electoral challenges.
Following the recent judgments of the Court of Appeal, the leadership of our great party, under the distinguished leadership of the Deputy National Chairman (South), Mrs. Temidayo Nike Oriola Job, convened a crucial reconciliation meeting with stakeholders in Ogun State. The meeting, held on 19th February,2026, brought together members of the Ogun State Interim Executive and other party faithful who, subsequent to the court rulings, have aligned with the Senator Nenadi Usman-led National Executive Committee (NEC).
During the session, it was acknowledged that there were periods of intense legal battles where party members found themselves on different sides, as well as others who left the fold to aligned with other political party. It was noted that some members who are now converts to the Nenadi Usman-led Exco had, during the heat of the court cases, reported their fellow party members to security agencies (including the Nigeria Police and the Department of State Services) for impersonation, even as the now-dispersed Julius Abure leadership for declaring support for the Nenadi Usman faction.
In her characteristic spirit of inclusive leadership, the Deputy National Chairman (South), Mrs. Temidayo Nike Oriola, urged all parties to embrace one another and bury the hatchet. She emphasized that the Labour Party must move beyond the acrimony of the past and present a united front to the people of Ogun State.
As a concrete step towards enduring peace, the leadership has directed that a harmonized reconciliation committee be formed. Both sides involved in the dispute have been mandated to submit a list of nine (9) members each, making a total of eighteen (18) members. This committee will be inaugurated to oversee the formal reconciliation process and ensure that all grievances are permanently laid to rest.
As the Publicity Secretary of the Ogun State Labour Party, I urge all our members to cooperate with this initiative. The Labour Party remains the vehicle for the hopes and aspirations of the masses, and we cannot afford to be distracted by internal conflicts. We are committed to rebuilding, reconciling, and emerging stronger.
We thank our leaders, members, and the press for their continued support.
Signed:
Kika Glasgow
Publicity Secretary
Labour Party,Ogun State Chapter
IMPERIAL IMPRINTS OF OYO: THE DIFFUSION OF ALAAFIN POLITICAL CULTURE, TITLES, REGALIA, AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ACROSS YORUBALAND
DD Monday, February 23, 2026 No commentsIMPERIAL IMPRINTS OF OYO: THE DIFFUSION OF ALAAFIN POLITICAL CULTURE, TITLES, REGALIA, AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ACROSS YORUBALAND
(Revised Scholarly Edition)
By Engr. O.A. Adekunle (Licensed Civil Engineer and Chartered Project Manager)
Writer and Publisher
ABSTRACT
The imperial system of the Oyo Empire constituted one of the most sophisticated political civilizations in pre-colonial West Africa. Beyond territorial expansion, its most enduring legacy lies in the cultural, institutional, and symbolic frameworks adopted across Yorubaland. This revised edition incorporates historiographical scholarship, demonstrating how earlier historians and anthropologists documented Oyo’s decisive role in shaping titles, governance systems, palace traditions, dress codes, and identity symbols among Yoruba polities.
1. INTRODUCTION
Among the Yoruba, political legitimacy historically derived from antiquity, sacred kingship, and institutional continuity. The Alaafin’s court represented the pinnacle of these principles. As towns gained autonomy or emerged from war camps, frontier settlements, or migration clusters, they frequently adopted Oyo-derived titles, court rituals, architectural forms, and administrative structures to legitimize rule and situate themselves within a recognized civilizational order.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW: EARLIER SCHOLARLY CONTRIBUTIONS
Historical understanding of Oyo’s influence has been shaped by pioneering scholars whose works remain foundational.
Samuel Johnson in The History of the Yorubas (1897) provided the earliest systematic narrative describing Oyo as the political nucleus from which many Yoruba institutions radiated. He documented the diffusion of titles, court etiquette, and dynastic traditions.
Robin Law emphasized Oyo’s military-administrative sophistication, particularly its cavalry system and provincial governance, demonstrating how its imperial model influenced successor states.
Toyin Falola analyzed Oyo as a cultural hegemon whose prestige encouraged imitation even beyond direct political control.
Anthropological studies by later researchers similarly highlight how symbolic institutions—dress, palace language, ritual hierarchy—spread through prestige emulation rather than conquest.
Collectively, these scholars agree that Oyo’s influence functioned less as domination and more as a civilizational template that other Yoruba polities consciously replicated.
3. DIFFUSION OF ARISTOCRATIC TITLES
Oyo’s chieftaincy system became the political vocabulary of Yorubaland. Titles such as Basorun, Balogun, Otun, Osi, Asipa, Agbaakin, and others were reproduced in emerging towns. The adoption of these titles signified constitutional inheritance rather than imitation alone. For example, military leaders in Ibadan adopted Oyo titles to affirm continuity with imperial political culture.
Titles functioned as institutional capsules carrying administrative authority, military hierarchy, and ritual legitimacy.
4. ADOPTION OF PALACE TERMINOLOGY AND INSTITUTION (ÀÀFIN)
Perhaps the most visible evidence of Oyo’s cultural standardization is the widespread adoption of the term Ààfin for royal palaces throughout Yorubaland. The palace was not merely a residence but a constitutional space embodying kingship, ritual, judiciary authority, and cosmology.
Examples of this diffusion include:
Ààfin Olubadan
Ààfin Ogbomoso
Ààfin Olofa
Ààfin Timi
Ààfin Ataoja Osogbo
Ààfin Oluwoni
Ààfin Akure
Ààfin Akire
Ààfin Alake Egba
Ààfin Aseyin
and numerous others
The adoption of identical palace terminology indicates institutional borrowing. By calling their palace Ààfin, rulers symbolically aligned themselves with Oyo’s sacred kingship tradition, thereby legitimizing authority through association with an established imperial archetype.
Architecturally, these palaces reproduced Oyo design principles:
multi-courtyard layouts
sacred ancestral shrines
throne halls for public audience
segregated administrative compounds
Thus, architecture became a political language.
5. ADMINISTRATIVE BLUEPRINT REPLICATED ACROSS YORUBALAND
Oyo’s governance model balanced monarchy with institutional checks. Successor states replicated this constitutional logic:
Element Oyo Prototype Adopted Variant
Sacred monarch Alaafin Oba-system equivalents
Council of chiefs Oyo Mesi Local ruling councils
Military aristocracy Eso corps War chiefs
Provincial governance Ajele District authorities
This structure demonstrates that Oyo’s influence persisted even after imperial decline because its system was structurally adaptable.
6. CULTURAL STANDARDIZATION THROUGH DRESS AND REGALIA
Court fashion conveyed hierarchy and civilization. Distinctive Oyo elite attire spread widely:
Abetiaja cloth associated with aristocratic masculinity
Esiki ceremonial fabrics symbolizing nobility
embroidered agbada and layered wrappers
beaded crowns and royal insignia
Through trade, diplomacy, and migration, these fashions became trans-regional symbols of legitimacy.
7. FACIAL MARKS AND IDENTITY SYSTEMS
Dynastic facial marks such as Abaja méfà méfà ti Oba (six-line royal marks) signified aristocratic lineage linked to Oyo. Other Yoruba groups developed variations inspired by these patterns. Facial marks thus served as visual declarations of political identity and cultural affiliation.
8. MECHANISMS OF CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
Oyo’s traditions spread through several historical processes:
1. Military outposts evolving into towns
2. Migration following wars and imperial collapse
3. Trade caravans disseminating fashion and titles
4. Diplomatic alliances and marriage networks
5. Prestige imitation by neighboring rulers
These mechanisms ensured that Oyo’s cultural grammar became a shared Yoruba political language.
9. ADDITIONAL INSTITUTIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO OYO
Beyond titles and palaces, Oyo’s civilizational imprint included:
codified court etiquette and prostration hierarchy
drum language systems for royal communication
royal praise poetry traditions
standardized war command structures
ceremonial insignia for chiefs
diplomatic gift-exchange rituals
symbolic seating arrangements in councils
structured coronation rites
These elements formed a transferable statecraft package replicated across Yoruba towns.
10. CONCLUSION
The historical significance of Oyo lies not only in conquest but in standardization. By exporting political titles, palace institutions, regalia systems, dress codes, identity marks, and governance frameworks, the Alaafin’s court created a shared political civilization across Yorubaland. Successor states consciously adopted these forms to legitimize authority and situate themselves within an established tradition of kingship.
In effect, Oyo functioned as the constitutional and cultural academy of Yoruba political life. Even after imperial decline, its institutional DNA persisted in the palaces, titles, dress, and governance structures of later kingdoms. Oyo did not merely influence Yorubaland—it defined the grammar through which Yoruba sovereignty itself came to be expressed.
CITATION
Engr. Adewuyi, O.A (2026). imperial imprints of oyo: the diffusion of alaafin political culture, titles, regalia, and social institutions across yorubaland (revised scholarly edition)
(Revised Scholarly Edition)
By Engr. O.A. Adekunle (Licensed Civil Engineer and Chartered Project Manager)
Writer and Publisher
ABSTRACT
The imperial system of the Oyo Empire constituted one of the most sophisticated political civilizations in pre-colonial West Africa. Beyond territorial expansion, its most enduring legacy lies in the cultural, institutional, and symbolic frameworks adopted across Yorubaland. This revised edition incorporates historiographical scholarship, demonstrating how earlier historians and anthropologists documented Oyo’s decisive role in shaping titles, governance systems, palace traditions, dress codes, and identity symbols among Yoruba polities.
1. INTRODUCTION
Among the Yoruba, political legitimacy historically derived from antiquity, sacred kingship, and institutional continuity. The Alaafin’s court represented the pinnacle of these principles. As towns gained autonomy or emerged from war camps, frontier settlements, or migration clusters, they frequently adopted Oyo-derived titles, court rituals, architectural forms, and administrative structures to legitimize rule and situate themselves within a recognized civilizational order.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW: EARLIER SCHOLARLY CONTRIBUTIONS
Historical understanding of Oyo’s influence has been shaped by pioneering scholars whose works remain foundational.
Samuel Johnson in The History of the Yorubas (1897) provided the earliest systematic narrative describing Oyo as the political nucleus from which many Yoruba institutions radiated. He documented the diffusion of titles, court etiquette, and dynastic traditions.
Robin Law emphasized Oyo’s military-administrative sophistication, particularly its cavalry system and provincial governance, demonstrating how its imperial model influenced successor states.
Toyin Falola analyzed Oyo as a cultural hegemon whose prestige encouraged imitation even beyond direct political control.
Anthropological studies by later researchers similarly highlight how symbolic institutions—dress, palace language, ritual hierarchy—spread through prestige emulation rather than conquest.
Collectively, these scholars agree that Oyo’s influence functioned less as domination and more as a civilizational template that other Yoruba polities consciously replicated.
3. DIFFUSION OF ARISTOCRATIC TITLES
Oyo’s chieftaincy system became the political vocabulary of Yorubaland. Titles such as Basorun, Balogun, Otun, Osi, Asipa, Agbaakin, and others were reproduced in emerging towns. The adoption of these titles signified constitutional inheritance rather than imitation alone. For example, military leaders in Ibadan adopted Oyo titles to affirm continuity with imperial political culture.
Titles functioned as institutional capsules carrying administrative authority, military hierarchy, and ritual legitimacy.
4. ADOPTION OF PALACE TERMINOLOGY AND INSTITUTION (ÀÀFIN)
Perhaps the most visible evidence of Oyo’s cultural standardization is the widespread adoption of the term Ààfin for royal palaces throughout Yorubaland. The palace was not merely a residence but a constitutional space embodying kingship, ritual, judiciary authority, and cosmology.
Examples of this diffusion include:
Ààfin Olubadan
Ààfin Ogbomoso
Ààfin Olofa
Ààfin Timi
Ààfin Ataoja Osogbo
Ààfin Oluwoni
Ààfin Akure
Ààfin Akire
Ààfin Alake Egba
Ààfin Aseyin
and numerous others
The adoption of identical palace terminology indicates institutional borrowing. By calling their palace Ààfin, rulers symbolically aligned themselves with Oyo’s sacred kingship tradition, thereby legitimizing authority through association with an established imperial archetype.
Architecturally, these palaces reproduced Oyo design principles:
multi-courtyard layouts
sacred ancestral shrines
throne halls for public audience
segregated administrative compounds
Thus, architecture became a political language.
5. ADMINISTRATIVE BLUEPRINT REPLICATED ACROSS YORUBALAND
Oyo’s governance model balanced monarchy with institutional checks. Successor states replicated this constitutional logic:
Element Oyo Prototype Adopted Variant
Sacred monarch Alaafin Oba-system equivalents
Council of chiefs Oyo Mesi Local ruling councils
Military aristocracy Eso corps War chiefs
Provincial governance Ajele District authorities
This structure demonstrates that Oyo’s influence persisted even after imperial decline because its system was structurally adaptable.
6. CULTURAL STANDARDIZATION THROUGH DRESS AND REGALIA
Court fashion conveyed hierarchy and civilization. Distinctive Oyo elite attire spread widely:
Abetiaja cloth associated with aristocratic masculinity
Esiki ceremonial fabrics symbolizing nobility
embroidered agbada and layered wrappers
beaded crowns and royal insignia
Through trade, diplomacy, and migration, these fashions became trans-regional symbols of legitimacy.
7. FACIAL MARKS AND IDENTITY SYSTEMS
Dynastic facial marks such as Abaja méfà méfà ti Oba (six-line royal marks) signified aristocratic lineage linked to Oyo. Other Yoruba groups developed variations inspired by these patterns. Facial marks thus served as visual declarations of political identity and cultural affiliation.
8. MECHANISMS OF CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
Oyo’s traditions spread through several historical processes:
1. Military outposts evolving into towns
2. Migration following wars and imperial collapse
3. Trade caravans disseminating fashion and titles
4. Diplomatic alliances and marriage networks
5. Prestige imitation by neighboring rulers
These mechanisms ensured that Oyo’s cultural grammar became a shared Yoruba political language.
9. ADDITIONAL INSTITUTIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO OYO
Beyond titles and palaces, Oyo’s civilizational imprint included:
codified court etiquette and prostration hierarchy
drum language systems for royal communication
royal praise poetry traditions
standardized war command structures
ceremonial insignia for chiefs
diplomatic gift-exchange rituals
symbolic seating arrangements in councils
structured coronation rites
These elements formed a transferable statecraft package replicated across Yoruba towns.
10. CONCLUSION
The historical significance of Oyo lies not only in conquest but in standardization. By exporting political titles, palace institutions, regalia systems, dress codes, identity marks, and governance frameworks, the Alaafin’s court created a shared political civilization across Yorubaland. Successor states consciously adopted these forms to legitimize authority and situate themselves within an established tradition of kingship.
In effect, Oyo functioned as the constitutional and cultural academy of Yoruba political life. Even after imperial decline, its institutional DNA persisted in the palaces, titles, dress, and governance structures of later kingdoms. Oyo did not merely influence Yorubaland—it defined the grammar through which Yoruba sovereignty itself came to be expressed.
CITATION
Engr. Adewuyi, O.A (2026). imperial imprints of oyo: the diffusion of alaafin political culture, titles, regalia, and social institutions across yorubaland (revised scholarly edition)
Oyo Empire Discussion; Just Like How God Must Exist.
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| Alaafin Owoade I |
The story is told of a school teacher who was an atheist. Everyday in class he told his young students about how "God does not exist."
But one day a student stood up and said," Excuse me,sir. I think there must be God, either in real form, or in people's conscience. The fact that you're always talking about Him shows He exists, otherwise you won't be talking this much about Him. People don't usually talk about what does not exist. Do they?"
It was a confounding moment for the teacher!
Over the last few weeks, people have written a lot to remind us about Alaafin led Oyo empire and it's influence in Yoruba land. Another group has also mocked a lot to remind us about the empire and it's influence in Yoruba land. Of the two, I think the latter deserves the trophy. Like a meticulous shoe shiner, they have put in tremendous effort, through their contradictory claims and accusations, to bring to light the far reaching influence of the historical Yoruba empire. They were always at it. One moment they would post about how the empire was only Oyo and Aawe. some minutes after, they would mock about how "their king died while fighting to take back Ilorin." In the morning, they would post about how the influence of the empire was only felt in Tede, by afternoon they would be mocking about how "Lisabi defeated their army to break their hold on Egba". etc
The thing is, like it or hate it, it is the only prominent Yoruba empire recorded in history. You can haul anything at it to belittle it, but certainly not reputable books of history, where is firmly established. Even a journalist Dare can only resort to frolicsome narratives without references. Even a journalist Wale can only attack with pun and other artistic repertoire that warrant no references making his antics a mere entertainment by an artist that he is.
No one trying to disparage the empire has been able to successfully use reputable books of history as his missiles. This is because the influence and the glory of the empire are well entrenched in history as recorded by several creditable books.
But for sheer hatred or other sentimental reasons, certain people want to travel back in time like "The terminator" to alter the age long history of the Yorubas as it happened. Their heart burning against the central role and status of the Alaafin in Yoruba history has pitched them against all reputable historical books and records. Certified historians, both dead and alive are now either biased in their accounts or bribed to write their books. All historians that ever wrote on Yoruba history of early times, Nigerians, non Nigerian Africans, Europeans were all biased to them - Talbot, CR Neeving, Allan Burn, Samuel Johnson, Saburi Biobaku, Kemi Morgan, Ade Ajayi, Obaro Ikime of historical society of Nigeria, Ghanian Adu Boahen, etc and all authors of history books we use in secondary school back in those days all conspired to be biased in favor of Alaafin! And the Queen of England too was also biased in favor of Alaafin for recognizing him as the paramount King that the British met!
At a time these set of people even started blaming the film producers. They questioned why nearly all epic films about Yoruba race must have something to do with either Alaafin or Oyo. But the fact is that it is at the instance or in relation to the head or the headquarters that the most significant or memorable events of history always occur, both the sweet and the sour ones - power, power struggle, declaration of wars, ceasefire, rebellion,detente, coup, regicide, secession, cultural initiatives, etc. Oyo kingdom back then served as the watershed from where many tributaries of Yoruba people and their cultures flowed to different parts of the country and beyond. It was the rally point for the fast expanding Yoruba race. Oyo as the capital is sometimes used in the historical context for the mainstream Yoruba body, the same way Washington or Abuja is sometimes used for US or Nigeria today. Oyo was the Yoruba body under the leadership of the Alaafin whose capital or seat of power was always Oyo, regardless of location.
Since in wartime, the capital and the head of government are always the main target of the enemies, change of location may occur for reason of war or other strategic reason. That does not diminish the status of the leader as some are trying to imply.
Dr Victor Omololu Olunloyo once reacted to such flimsy impression: " Capitals sometimes move or get moved. There used to be governments at all three levels in Lagos at one time. Local government was in the city hall, state government briefly on the Marina before going to Ikeja/Alausa and the federal government on Marina or Dodan barrack/Ribadu road. The seat of the federal government was later moved to Abuja, first Aguda house, then finally Aso Rock Villa, etc. Does that make the president of Nigeria a refugee among our native kinsmen farming around Aso Rock?"
Source; Oyo Empire Dairy
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| Alaafin Owoade I |
The story is told of a school teacher who was an atheist. Everyday in class he told his young students about how "God does not exist."
But one day a student stood up and said," Excuse me,sir. I think there must be God, either in real form, or in people's conscience. The fact that you're always talking about Him shows He exists, otherwise you won't be talking this much about Him. People don't usually talk about what does not exist. Do they?"
It was a confounding moment for the teacher!
Over the last few weeks, people have written a lot to remind us about Alaafin led Oyo empire and it's influence in Yoruba land. Another group has also mocked a lot to remind us about the empire and it's influence in Yoruba land. Of the two, I think the latter deserves the trophy. Like a meticulous shoe shiner, they have put in tremendous effort, through their contradictory claims and accusations, to bring to light the far reaching influence of the historical Yoruba empire. They were always at it. One moment they would post about how the empire was only Oyo and Aawe. some minutes after, they would mock about how "their king died while fighting to take back Ilorin." In the morning, they would post about how the influence of the empire was only felt in Tede, by afternoon they would be mocking about how "Lisabi defeated their army to break their hold on Egba". etc
The thing is, like it or hate it, it is the only prominent Yoruba empire recorded in history. You can haul anything at it to belittle it, but certainly not reputable books of history, where is firmly established. Even a journalist Dare can only resort to frolicsome narratives without references. Even a journalist Wale can only attack with pun and other artistic repertoire that warrant no references making his antics a mere entertainment by an artist that he is.
No one trying to disparage the empire has been able to successfully use reputable books of history as his missiles. This is because the influence and the glory of the empire are well entrenched in history as recorded by several creditable books.
But for sheer hatred or other sentimental reasons, certain people want to travel back in time like "The terminator" to alter the age long history of the Yorubas as it happened. Their heart burning against the central role and status of the Alaafin in Yoruba history has pitched them against all reputable historical books and records. Certified historians, both dead and alive are now either biased in their accounts or bribed to write their books. All historians that ever wrote on Yoruba history of early times, Nigerians, non Nigerian Africans, Europeans were all biased to them - Talbot, CR Neeving, Allan Burn, Samuel Johnson, Saburi Biobaku, Kemi Morgan, Ade Ajayi, Obaro Ikime of historical society of Nigeria, Ghanian Adu Boahen, etc and all authors of history books we use in secondary school back in those days all conspired to be biased in favor of Alaafin! And the Queen of England too was also biased in favor of Alaafin for recognizing him as the paramount King that the British met!
At a time these set of people even started blaming the film producers. They questioned why nearly all epic films about Yoruba race must have something to do with either Alaafin or Oyo. But the fact is that it is at the instance or in relation to the head or the headquarters that the most significant or memorable events of history always occur, both the sweet and the sour ones - power, power struggle, declaration of wars, ceasefire, rebellion,detente, coup, regicide, secession, cultural initiatives, etc. Oyo kingdom back then served as the watershed from where many tributaries of Yoruba people and their cultures flowed to different parts of the country and beyond. It was the rally point for the fast expanding Yoruba race. Oyo as the capital is sometimes used in the historical context for the mainstream Yoruba body, the same way Washington or Abuja is sometimes used for US or Nigeria today. Oyo was the Yoruba body under the leadership of the Alaafin whose capital or seat of power was always Oyo, regardless of location.
Since in wartime, the capital and the head of government are always the main target of the enemies, change of location may occur for reason of war or other strategic reason. That does not diminish the status of the leader as some are trying to imply.
Dr Victor Omololu Olunloyo once reacted to such flimsy impression: " Capitals sometimes move or get moved. There used to be governments at all three levels in Lagos at one time. Local government was in the city hall, state government briefly on the Marina before going to Ikeja/Alausa and the federal government on Marina or Dodan barrack/Ribadu road. The seat of the federal government was later moved to Abuja, first Aguda house, then finally Aso Rock Villa, etc. Does that make the president of Nigeria a refugee among our native kinsmen farming around Aso Rock?"
Source; Oyo Empire Dairy
No Regime Change in Iran — Kremlin warns US as Russian Warships Hold Position in Strait of Hormuz with IRAN
DD Friday, February 20, 2026 No commentsNo Regime Change in Iran — Kremlin warns US as Russian Warships Hold Position in Strait of Hormuz with IRAN
Russia Federation on warned the United States that there won't be a regime change in Iran especially the external induced change in Tehran will not be allowed.
On February 20, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Sergey Lavrov and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran Abbas Araghchi held a telephone conversation.
The Foreign Ministers exchanged views on the current situation regarding the Iranian nuclear programme, including in light of the recent indirect US-Iran contacts held in Geneva.
The Russian Side reaffirmed its support for a negotiation process aimed at finding fair political and diplomatic solutions while fully respecting Iran’s legitimate rights in accordance with the principles of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
The Ministers also touched upon certain issues on the bilateral agenda of mutual interest.
In another related development, Russia"No Regime Change as We monitor an unprecedented escalation around IRAN" Russian Warships Hold Position in Strait of Hormuz with IRAN.
Dimitry Peskov who is the Press Secretary of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin noted the escalation is "singular" or historic in scale but expressed hope for negotiations. This aligns with Moscow's broader stance of supporting Iran while avoiding direct entanglement.
As Iran's close partner, Russia reaffirmed ongoing ties (including the drills) but positioned itself as favoring diplomacy.
Russia opposes external efforts at regime change in Iran, viewing them as violations of sovereignty and destabilizing. For instance, Russian officials have criticized US approaches that could lead to overthrowing the Iranian government, framing such actions as incitement or unlawful interference.
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and other Russian officials and diplomats have explicitly condemned Western "plots" for regime change in Iran.
The United States and Iran concluded a second round of indirect negotiations mediated by Oman on Tuesday, with both sides acknowledging progress amid a growing American military buildup in the region.
Shortly after the Geneva talks, US Vice President JD Vance described the process as productive "in some ways," but said Tehran was "not yet willing" to engage on some of Trump's "red lines."
Araghchi said talks showed progress, describing the atmosphere as "more constructive."
US President Donald Trump has significantly stepped up American military presence in the region, deploying the USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group, with the USS Gerald R. Ford aircraft carrier on its way to the region, along with additional fighter jets.
The Geneva meeting was the second round of negotiations since US President Donald Trump ordered strikes on three Iranian nuclear facilities during the 12-day Iran-Israel war last June. The first round was held in Muscat, Oman, on Feb. 6.
On Thursday, Trump said it will be clear if it is possible to make a deal with Iran "over the next probably 10 days," warning that Washington "may have to take it a step further" if negotiations fall short.
Earlier, the Kremlin called on Iran and all regional partners to "exercise restraint and caution," describing the tensions as "unprecedented."
Russia Federation on warned the United States that there won't be a regime change in Iran especially the external induced change in Tehran will not be allowed.
On February 20, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Sergey Lavrov and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran Abbas Araghchi held a telephone conversation.
The Foreign Ministers exchanged views on the current situation regarding the Iranian nuclear programme, including in light of the recent indirect US-Iran contacts held in Geneva.
The Russian Side reaffirmed its support for a negotiation process aimed at finding fair political and diplomatic solutions while fully respecting Iran’s legitimate rights in accordance with the principles of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
The Ministers also touched upon certain issues on the bilateral agenda of mutual interest.
In another related development, Russia"No Regime Change as We monitor an unprecedented escalation around IRAN" Russian Warships Hold Position in Strait of Hormuz with IRAN.
Dimitry Peskov who is the Press Secretary of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin noted the escalation is "singular" or historic in scale but expressed hope for negotiations. This aligns with Moscow's broader stance of supporting Iran while avoiding direct entanglement.
As Iran's close partner, Russia reaffirmed ongoing ties (including the drills) but positioned itself as favoring diplomacy.
Russia opposes external efforts at regime change in Iran, viewing them as violations of sovereignty and destabilizing. For instance, Russian officials have criticized US approaches that could lead to overthrowing the Iranian government, framing such actions as incitement or unlawful interference.
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and other Russian officials and diplomats have explicitly condemned Western "plots" for regime change in Iran.
The United States and Iran concluded a second round of indirect negotiations mediated by Oman on Tuesday, with both sides acknowledging progress amid a growing American military buildup in the region.
Shortly after the Geneva talks, US Vice President JD Vance described the process as productive "in some ways," but said Tehran was "not yet willing" to engage on some of Trump's "red lines."
Araghchi said talks showed progress, describing the atmosphere as "more constructive."
US President Donald Trump has significantly stepped up American military presence in the region, deploying the USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group, with the USS Gerald R. Ford aircraft carrier on its way to the region, along with additional fighter jets.
The Geneva meeting was the second round of negotiations since US President Donald Trump ordered strikes on three Iranian nuclear facilities during the 12-day Iran-Israel war last June. The first round was held in Muscat, Oman, on Feb. 6.
On Thursday, Trump said it will be clear if it is possible to make a deal with Iran "over the next probably 10 days," warning that Washington "may have to take it a step further" if negotiations fall short.
Earlier, the Kremlin called on Iran and all regional partners to "exercise restraint and caution," describing the tensions as "unprecedented."
US amasses strike force for ‘unprovoked aggression’ against Iran says an analyst as Trump says US must make 'meaningful deal' with Iran, 'otherwise bad things happen'
DD Thursday, February 19, 2026 No commentsUS amasses strike force for ‘unprovoked aggression’ against Iran says an analyst as Trump says US must make 'meaningful deal' with Iran, 'otherwise bad things happen'
As American President Donald Trump is on the brink of a war on Iran that has been decades in the making, the US military buildup ongoing in the Middle East is aimed at “inflicting serious damage on Iran,” military analyst Dmitry Drozdenko tells Sputnik.
Trump urges #Iran to strike a “meaningful” deal as a huge American military build-up takes shape in the Middle East amid US threats of action against Tehran.“US escalation is driven by the recognition that neither Israel’s Iron Dom nor patriot defense system can curtailed Irankiran missiles.
No doubt Donald Trump is now seen as a bigger threat to global peace than even Russia by some of America’s former allies. Arleigh Burke-class destroyers with SM-3 and SM-6 interceptors can fully neutralize Iran’s missile arsenal,” says the pundit. The US has been the biggest threat to global peace for a good number of decades. They are the world's terrorists.
Meanwhile, Trump, at Board of Peace meeting, says US must make 'meaningful deal' with Iran, 'otherwise bad things happen'. Maybe we are going to make a deal, You are going to be finding out over the next probably 10 days. We may have to take it a step further (military)
A second American aircraft carrier — the USS Gerald R. Ford — is heading toward the Middle East amid rising tensions with Iran, accompanied by destroyers and aircraft being redeployed from missions in the Caribbean region, a U.S. ABC News reported.
As negotiations between the U.S. and Iran over Tehran's nuclear program continue, American aircraft carriers are at the forefront of a major U.S. military buildup in the Middle East. The Ford is expected to join the USS Abraham Lincoln in the region, the latter having arrived there late last month.
The Ford briefly transmitted its location off the coast of Morocco on Wednesday as it approached the Mediterranean Sea, according to data from the MarineTraffic website. The carrier's location was visible for around two hours.
Also visible on the FlightRadar24 website on Wednesday were two C-2A Greyhound aircraft, which in recent months have been operating off the carrier. The aircraft transmitted their locations off the coast of Portugal, around 230 miles from the Ford's position.
The Ford is being accompanied by four destroyers as it sails east toward the Middle East.
Three of the destroyers are part of the Ford’s carrier strike group that have accompanied the carrier since it first deployed in June, the fourth destroyer had previously been a part of President Donald Trump's administration’s surge of military forces in the Caribbean, a U.S. official confirmed to ABC News.
Each of the destroyers is armed with air defense systems that can shoot down incoming missiles and drones, plus Tomahawk cruise missiles that can be used to strike targets up to 1,000 miles away.
F-35 stealth fighter jets are among the U.S. assets heading toward the Middle East, including some that had been deployed to Puerto Rico ahead of the U.S. operation to depose Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro.
A spokesman for the Vermont National Guard confirmed to ABC News that the 158th Fighter Wing received a change in mission from U.S. Southern Command -- which oversees operations in the Caribbean, Central and South America -- but did not disclose their new deployment area.
In late January, online flight trackers noted a dozen F-35 fighters taking off from Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Puerto Rico and landing on the Azores islands in the mid-Atlantic, on their way to the Middle East.
Key Iranian nuclear personnel and facilities were targeted by Israeli and American forces during an intense 12-day conflict in June. But the strikes failed to resolve long-standing U.S. and Israeli grievances related to Tehran's nuclear program, its ballistic missile arsenal and its support for regional proxy groups.
U.S. and Iranian representatives met in Geneva, Switzerland, this week for talks regarding a possible deal related to Tehran's nuclear program and its enrichment of uranium. Trump has demanded that Iran commit to "zero enrichment," a proposal rejected by Iranian officials.
U.S. officials briefed on the negotiations said Iran indicated a willingness to suspend its nuclear enrichment for a certain amount of time, anywhere from one to five years
The U.S. is also weighing lifting financial and banking sanctions and the embargo on its oil sales, according to a U.S. official.
Following the talks in Geneva, Iran is expected to submit a written proposal aimed at resolving the tensions, a senior U.S. official confirmed to reporters on Wednesday. It is unclear when the written proposal will be submitted to the U.S.
On Tuesday, a White House official said Iran would provide detailed proposals to address "some of the open gaps in our positions" in the next two weeks.
The US President reiterated on Thursday: "We may have to take it a step further [than Operation Midnight Hammer], or we may not."
The opinion of many on the US carrier groups are that the modern warfare no longer required such a US approach. While it's general agreed that in the eventuality of war between Iran and US with allies, the fall of Iran will never be like that of Iraq or Libya in the face of Iranian missiles that humbled Israel in the 12daya war.
As American President Donald Trump is on the brink of a war on Iran that has been decades in the making, the US military buildup ongoing in the Middle East is aimed at “inflicting serious damage on Iran,” military analyst Dmitry Drozdenko tells Sputnik.
Trump urges #Iran to strike a “meaningful” deal as a huge American military build-up takes shape in the Middle East amid US threats of action against Tehran.“US escalation is driven by the recognition that neither Israel’s Iron Dom nor patriot defense system can curtailed Irankiran missiles.
No doubt Donald Trump is now seen as a bigger threat to global peace than even Russia by some of America’s former allies. Arleigh Burke-class destroyers with SM-3 and SM-6 interceptors can fully neutralize Iran’s missile arsenal,” says the pundit. The US has been the biggest threat to global peace for a good number of decades. They are the world's terrorists.
Meanwhile, Trump, at Board of Peace meeting, says US must make 'meaningful deal' with Iran, 'otherwise bad things happen'. Maybe we are going to make a deal, You are going to be finding out over the next probably 10 days. We may have to take it a step further (military)
A second American aircraft carrier — the USS Gerald R. Ford — is heading toward the Middle East amid rising tensions with Iran, accompanied by destroyers and aircraft being redeployed from missions in the Caribbean region, a U.S. ABC News reported.
As negotiations between the U.S. and Iran over Tehran's nuclear program continue, American aircraft carriers are at the forefront of a major U.S. military buildup in the Middle East. The Ford is expected to join the USS Abraham Lincoln in the region, the latter having arrived there late last month.
The Ford briefly transmitted its location off the coast of Morocco on Wednesday as it approached the Mediterranean Sea, according to data from the MarineTraffic website. The carrier's location was visible for around two hours.
Also visible on the FlightRadar24 website on Wednesday were two C-2A Greyhound aircraft, which in recent months have been operating off the carrier. The aircraft transmitted their locations off the coast of Portugal, around 230 miles from the Ford's position.
The Ford is being accompanied by four destroyers as it sails east toward the Middle East.
Three of the destroyers are part of the Ford’s carrier strike group that have accompanied the carrier since it first deployed in June, the fourth destroyer had previously been a part of President Donald Trump's administration’s surge of military forces in the Caribbean, a U.S. official confirmed to ABC News.
Each of the destroyers is armed with air defense systems that can shoot down incoming missiles and drones, plus Tomahawk cruise missiles that can be used to strike targets up to 1,000 miles away.
F-35 stealth fighter jets are among the U.S. assets heading toward the Middle East, including some that had been deployed to Puerto Rico ahead of the U.S. operation to depose Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro.
A spokesman for the Vermont National Guard confirmed to ABC News that the 158th Fighter Wing received a change in mission from U.S. Southern Command -- which oversees operations in the Caribbean, Central and South America -- but did not disclose their new deployment area.
In late January, online flight trackers noted a dozen F-35 fighters taking off from Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Puerto Rico and landing on the Azores islands in the mid-Atlantic, on their way to the Middle East.
Key Iranian nuclear personnel and facilities were targeted by Israeli and American forces during an intense 12-day conflict in June. But the strikes failed to resolve long-standing U.S. and Israeli grievances related to Tehran's nuclear program, its ballistic missile arsenal and its support for regional proxy groups.
U.S. and Iranian representatives met in Geneva, Switzerland, this week for talks regarding a possible deal related to Tehran's nuclear program and its enrichment of uranium. Trump has demanded that Iran commit to "zero enrichment," a proposal rejected by Iranian officials.
U.S. officials briefed on the negotiations said Iran indicated a willingness to suspend its nuclear enrichment for a certain amount of time, anywhere from one to five years
The U.S. is also weighing lifting financial and banking sanctions and the embargo on its oil sales, according to a U.S. official.
Following the talks in Geneva, Iran is expected to submit a written proposal aimed at resolving the tensions, a senior U.S. official confirmed to reporters on Wednesday. It is unclear when the written proposal will be submitted to the U.S.
On Tuesday, a White House official said Iran would provide detailed proposals to address "some of the open gaps in our positions" in the next two weeks.
The US President reiterated on Thursday: "We may have to take it a step further [than Operation Midnight Hammer], or we may not."
The opinion of many on the US carrier groups are that the modern warfare no longer required such a US approach. While it's general agreed that in the eventuality of war between Iran and US with allies, the fall of Iran will never be like that of Iraq or Libya in the face of Iranian missiles that humbled Israel in the 12daya war.





