My position on this issue has always been constant, even if it is not very popular and it is anchored on the concept that whatever is accepted as the head should not be forced against its will to become a tail -- 'Oun ti a ba fi se ori, ko ye ko di ru'.
I recall that my late father, Pastor Ebenezer Olumuyiwa Omobowale was the Permanent Secretary (Chieftaincy Affairs), of the Old Oyo State, when the issue of supremacy and who should be the Permanent Chairman of the Council of Obas first reared its head between Oba Lamidi Adeyemi III and Oba Okunade Sijuwade, the Ooni of Ife. I recall that in those days, both the civil servants, as well as the civilian and military administrators of Oyo State, walked on eggshells so as not to offend the two Kings whose rivalry made the Council almost ineffective and this continued until the creation of Osun State in 1991. I now hail from Osun state, and I would try to be impartial and objective in my comments on this issue on whether the Olubadan and Soun should enjoy the same status as the Alaafin of Oyo.
Oba Adeyemi III was a good keeper of records, and some of the information that I would subsequently share here are both public knowledge that he widely re-circulated in his various letters to support his position that the Alaafin of Oyo was the most prominent Yoruba ruler prior to the introduction of colonialism. It is widely known that the British colonial administrators regarded and referred to Alaafin Adeyemi Alowolodu I as the Head of the Yoruba Nation. This was documented and there were different meetings which took place in Oyo town and which were attended by prominent Yoruba kings like the Alake of Egbaland and the Ooni of Ife, under the chairmanship of Alaafin Siyanbola Ladigbolu I, who succeeded Oba Adeyemi Alowolodu I. Professor Wole Soyinka's play, *Death and the King's Horseman*, is based in the tragic incidents that occurred in Oyo after the demise of Alaafin Siyanbola Ladigbolu. In 1911, Captain Ross, the head of the Oyo Province, had asked Ladigbolu whether he wanted Oyo to become the permanent capital of the province. Ladigbolu rejected the idea, apparently, because he wanted to limit the influence of Western civilisation on the people of Oyo town. Oftentimes, I have wondered if there would have been any controversy about the foremost position of the Alaafin of Oyo among Yoruba Kings if Oyo had become the political capital of Yorubaland, like Ibadan. I am sure that the Alaafins would have had enough clout to assert their rights as Yorubaland's leading monarchs, in what has now become perilous times for them.
As we are all aware, the 19th Century was a period of great upheaval and turmoil in Yorubaland as a result of the incursion of the Fulanis from Ilorin and the various attempts by the various sub units of the Yoruba to assert their independence from Oyo. There is no gainsaging the fact that the Oyo Empire, which had stretched from parts of present-day Niger State to parts of present-day Togo, was in dire straits. However, despite that fact, most of the different kingdoms in Yorubaland still accepted the pre-eminent status and position of the Alaafin of Oyo. It was this knowledge that made Oja - whose descendants are located in Isale Oyo till today- to willingly accept the overlordship of Alaafin Atiba Atobatele, when he relocated the capital of the Oyo Empire to Ago Oja after his predecessor, Alaafin Oluewu was killed by the Fulanis.
Atiba had taken the decision to capitalise on the military strength of Ibadan in order to protect the remnants of the Oyo Empire from the destructive incursions of the Fulani of Ilorin and their Yoruba collaborators. By the time Atiba moved to Ago Oja, Ibadan had become a formidable military outpost. It had been established in the early part of the 19th Century, around 1829, as a war camp, on land that previously belonged to people who relocated to Abeokuta and who we now refer to as the Egbas. At the onset, Ibadan's early settlers came from Ife, and the most prominent of these people were warriors like Lagelu and Maye. However, with the passage of time, most of the families in Ibadan, as well as the political leadership, came from parts of Yorubaland that had always accepted the supremacy of the Alaafin of Oyo. Ibadan now became the Protector of Oyo, even while her political leaders disputed the position of the Alaafin as their supreme sovereign and overlord. The fact that Ibadan accepted the leadership of Oyo was clearly reflected in the Ibadan- Ijaye War. Alaafin Atiba had told the Ibadans to ensure that his son, Adelu, succeeded him. The Ibadan implemented Atiba's directive to the letter by attacking Ijaye, a war that ended in 1865, with the death of Kurunmi. Thus, while a chequered relationship existed between Oyo and Ibadan, the Alaafin's supremacy was not in doubt. This was why someone like Latosisa, who was originally from Ilora, an Oyo vassal, requested that Alaafin Adeyemi Alowolodu I should make him the Aare Ona Kakanfo of Yorubaland despite the fact that Ojo Aburumaku of Ogbomosho, who was Aare Ona Kakanfo at the time that Latosisa became the ruler of Ibadan, was still alive. Adeyemi I agreed to this request, which foregrounded the dependence of the remnant of the Oyo Empire on Ibadan.
Now, the pertinent question is this: Should Ibadan's position as the defender of Oyo in the 19th Century translate into equal status for the rulers of Oyo, Ibadan, and even Ogbomoso today? In Japan, a similar situation existed for thousands of years, prior to the defeat of Japan, in 1945, after the end of the Second World War. In Japan, the Yamato Dysnasty has ruled for almost 2,000 unbroken years, with the throne directly passing from father to son. Throughout the long history of the Japanese Imperial Family, the members have always been protected by powerful military families known as the Shoguns, who never tried to upstage or displace the Japanese Emperor. I believe that the rulers of Ibadan also had this orientation, and that relationship subsisted up till 1936, when Baale Okunlola Abbass Aleshinloye became the first Olubadan of Ibadan and the first ruler of Ibadan to wear a beaded crown. In the case of Ogbomosho, the first Soun to wear a beaded crown was Oba Jimoh Oyewumi Ajagungbade III, who despite strong opposition from the Western State government and Alaafin Adeyemi III, insisted on wearing a crown at his coronation in 1973!
The problems that the rulers of Oyo town have today, in asserting the pre-eminent position of Oyo's Kings, are largely traceable to the politics of the Western Region in the late 1940s and the early 1950s. After the establishment of the Egbe Omo Oduduwa by the late Chief Obafemi Awolowo, he needed something that could unite all the Yorubas together under a single umbrella. That unifying symbol was Ile Ife to and Ooni Adesoji Aderemi was central to making Awolowo's dreams a reality. The promotion of Ife and the Ooni of Ife by the Action Group government effectively sidelined the Alaafins of Oyo. Unfortunately, for the Oyo royal family, there was also a perception that the rulers of Oyo had alligned themselves with Nnamdi Azikiwe's NCNC party, and this belief was accentuated by the verbal clash between the Balogun of Oyo, Chief Bode Thomas and Alaafin Adeyemi II in 1953. The death of Bode Thomas immediately after his encounter with Alaafin Adeyemi II led to the dethronement of Alaafin Adeyemi II that same year, after which he was banished to Lagos. By the time his successor, Oba Bello Gbadegesin Ladigbolu II, became the Alaafin in 1955, Ooni Aderemi had been ruling Ile Ife for 25 years and he had the total support of the AG government. There was no way a Bello Gbadegesin Ladigbolu could assert his rights as the foremost Yoruba Oba. His successor, Alaafin Adeyemi III became Alaafin in 1971, by which time, Ooni Aderemi had been on the throne for 41 years and the late Chief Obafemi Awolowo still had an overwhelming influence on events in the Western part of Nigeria! Apart from this, the memoirs of the late Dr Omololu Olunloyo have revealed that Olunloyo even consulted Ooni Aderemi when he was trying to find someone to succeed the late Alaafin Bello Gbadegeson Ladigbolu. The import of this was that up until the death of Ooni Aderemi in 1980, it was practically impossible for Alaafin Adeyemi III to do anything worthwhile to stop his non recognition as Yorubaland's leading King. Thus, the installation of Ooni Sijuwade II, in 1980, became an opportunity for Alaafin Adeyemi III to correct what he believed was an anomaly. Unfortunately, the battle for supremacy between the two men, opened what has now become a Pandora's Box in Oyo State and tje rest of Yorubaland.
The context within which any Alaafin would look at the constitution of any Council of Obas and Chiefs that fails to recognise the historically supported pre-eminent position of Oyo is this: up till 1936, every Baale of Ibadan or prominent chief installed in Ibadan was with the consent of the Alaafin of Oyo. In the case of Ogbomosho, up till 1973, no Soun could be installed in Ogbomosho without the consent of the Alaafin of Oyo. This, I believe, is the crux of the matter.
On this platform, some people have argued that it is imperative that we should move with the times and that every Alaafin must accept that the status of Oyo's former vasssls, the Olubadan and the Soun have changed. They position that the Alaafin is now primus interpares or first among equals. However, there is also some truth in the saying that a river that forgets its source will dry up, eventually. I would like to contextualise the matter further by using this illustration from the Ibadan Traditional Council. Right now, the Alakufo of Akufo and Onido of Ido are regarded as kings. Will any Olubadan, in future accept that these 2 kings - the Alakufo and the Onido should rotate the Chairmanship of the Ibadan Traditional Council with him? Even Olubadan Ladoja had issues with Ibadan High Chiefs becoming Obas!
I think that the simple solution to this issue is for the government to recognise the position of the Alaafin of tje most prominent king in Oyo State. History supports this position and it is imperative that we must not forget the past if we desire a meaningful development of our future. In the Northern part of Nigeria, the prominent position of the Sultan remains unchallenged and I do not know why this cannot be sustained in Oyo State, with regards to the Alaafin of Oyo. Like I said yesterday, despite the reduced status of the defunct British Empire, the British Sovereign is still celebrated as the most prominent royal personality in the whole world.
By Professor Emmanuel Omobowale
Department of English
University of Ibadan.
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